A Validated Methodology for Assessing Wind-Induced Effects on Pantograph-Catenary Interaction

This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the aerodynamic behaviour of the HSP pantograph using full-scale wind-tunnel testing, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and pantograph-overhead line equipment (OLE) dynamic simulations. Wind-tunnel tests are conducted across a range of pantograph heights, wind speeds and yaw angles to quantify aerodynamic forces, moments and uplift. Results show that aerodynamic uplift is highly sensitive to pantograph extension, wind speed and flow direction, with increasing variability at higher speeds. A CFD framework is developed and validated against the experimental data, demonstrating good agreement with measured aerodynamic loads. The validated model is subsequently applied to conditions beyond the wind-tunnel envelope, including high-speed headwinds and multiple-pantograph operations. Simulations revealed significant aerodynamic interference effects between pantographs, influenced by spacing, roof-flow development, knuckle orientation and vane angles. The CFD aerodynamic loads are incorporated into pantograph-OLE dynamic simulations. The results show that aerodynamic loading influences contact force magnitude and variability, affecting current collection performance, while generally remaining within acceptance limits. The methodology presented here provides a robust basis for assessing wind-induced pantograph behaviour and supports improved modelling, operational practice and future standards development.