TY - JOUR
T1 - Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms
T2 - a comparison among currently available technologies
AU - Robaldo, Livio
AU - Batsakis, Sotirios
AU - Calegari, Roberta
AU - Calimeri, Francesco
AU - Fujita, Megumi
AU - Governatori, Guido
AU - Morelli, Maria Concetta
AU - Pacenza, Francesco
AU - Pisano, Giuseppe
AU - Satoh, Ken
AU - Tachmazidis, Ilias
AU - Zangar, Jessica
N1 - Funding Information:
Livio Robaldo has been supported by the Legal Innovation Lab Wales operation within Swansea University’s Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law. The operation has been part-funded by the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government. Francesco Calimeri, Maria Concetta Morelli, Francesco Pacenza, and Jessica Zangari acknowledge the support of the PNRR project FAIR - Future AI Research (PE00000013), Spoke 9 - Green-aware AI, under the NRRP MUR program funded by the NextGenerationEU, and the support of the project PRIN PE6, Title: “Declarative Reasoning over Streams”, funded by the Italian Ministero dell’Università, dell’Istruzione e della Ricerca (MIUR), CUP:H24I17000080001. The research of Roberta Calegari and Giuseppe Pisano has been partially supported by the “CompuLaw” project, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 833647).
Publisher Copyright:
© Crown 2023.
PY - 2024/6/1
Y1 - 2024/6/1
N2 - This paper analyses and compares some of the automated reasoners that have been used in recent research for compliance checking. Although the list of the considered reasoners is not exhaustive, we believe that our analysis is representative enough to take stock of the current state of the art in the topic. We are interested here in formalizations at the first-order level. Past literature on normative reasoning mostly focuses on the propositional level. However, the propositional level is of little usefulness for concrete LegalTech applications, in which compliance checking must be enforced on (large) sets of individuals. Furthermore, we are interested in technologies that are freely available and that can be further investigated and compared by the scientific community. In other words, this paper does not consider technologies only employed in industry and/or whose source code is non-accessible. This paper formalizes a selected use case in the considered reasoners and compares the implementations, also in terms of simulations with respect to shared synthetic datasets. The comparison will highlight that lot of further research still needs to be done to integrate the benefits featured by the different reasoners into a single standardized first-order framework, suitable for LegalTech applications. All source codes are freely available at https://github.com/liviorobaldo/compliancecheckers, together with instructions to locally reproduce the simulations.
AB - This paper analyses and compares some of the automated reasoners that have been used in recent research for compliance checking. Although the list of the considered reasoners is not exhaustive, we believe that our analysis is representative enough to take stock of the current state of the art in the topic. We are interested here in formalizations at the first-order level. Past literature on normative reasoning mostly focuses on the propositional level. However, the propositional level is of little usefulness for concrete LegalTech applications, in which compliance checking must be enforced on (large) sets of individuals. Furthermore, we are interested in technologies that are freely available and that can be further investigated and compared by the scientific community. In other words, this paper does not consider technologies only employed in industry and/or whose source code is non-accessible. This paper formalizes a selected use case in the considered reasoners and compares the implementations, also in terms of simulations with respect to shared synthetic datasets. The comparison will highlight that lot of further research still needs to be done to integrate the benefits featured by the different reasoners into a single standardized first-order framework, suitable for LegalTech applications. All source codes are freely available at https://github.com/liviorobaldo/compliancecheckers, together with instructions to locally reproduce the simulations.
KW - Compliance checking
KW - First-order knowledge
KW - LegalTech
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85160853752&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10506-023-09360-z
DO - 10.1007/s10506-023-09360-z
M3 - Article
VL - 32
SP - 505
EP - 555
JO - Artificial Intelligence and Law
JF - Artificial Intelligence and Law
SN - 0924-8463
IS - 2
ER -