@article{4d01dcb8d3784b378bd741fd3ef50978,
title = "Effectiveness and Compatibility of a Novel Sustainable Method for Stone Consolidation Based on Di-Ammonium Phosphate and Calcium-Based Nanomaterials",
abstract = "External surfaces of stones used in historic buildings often carry high artistic value and need to be preserved from the damages of time, especially from the detrimental effects of the weathering. This study aimed to test the effectiveness and compatibility of some new environmentally-friendly materials for stone consolidation, as the use thereof has been so far poorly investigated. The treatments were based on combinations of an aqueous solution of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and two calcium-based nanomaterials, namely a commercial nanosuspension of Ca(OH)2 and a novel nanosuspension of calcite. The treatments were applied to samples of two porous stones: a limestone and a sandstone. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultrasound pulse velocity test, colour measurements, and capillary water absorption test. The results suggest that the combined use of DAP and Ca-based nanosuspensions can be advantageous over other commonly used consolidants in terms of retreatability and physical-chemical compatibility with the stone. Some limitations are also highlighted, such as the uneven distribution and low penetration of the consolidants.",
keywords = "Calcium carbonate, Consolidation, Cultural heritage, Hydroxyapatite, Limestone, Nanomaterials, Sandstone, Scanning electron microscopy",
author = "Cecilia Pesce and Moretto, {Ligia M.} and Orsega, {Emilio F.} and Pesce, {Giovanni L.} and Marco Corradi and Johannes Weber",
note = "Funding Information: The authors wish to express their gratitude towards Anthony Baragona and Elisabeth Mascha for their input on the consolidation procedure and for supporting the work. Matea Ban and Lukas Achleitner from the Institute of Geotechnics (TUWien) are kindly acknowledged for collaborations on ultrasonic velocity and colour measurements. Manfred Schreiner, RitaWiesinger andWilfried Vetter from the ISTA (Academy of Fine Arts Vienna) are acknowledged for supplying and assisting with the FT-IR spectroscopy equipment. The authors thank the INSTM, Florence, for the supplied nanocalcite. This research was funded by the European program Horizon 2020 Call NMP21-AC {"}Nanomaterials for conservation of European architectural heritage developed by research on characteristic lithotypes (Nano-Cathedral){"} grant number 646,178. Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by the European program Horizon 2020 Call NMP21-AC “Nanomaterials for conservation of European architectural heritage developed by research on characteristic lithotypes (Nano-Cathedral)” grant number 646,178. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 by the authors.",
year = "2019",
month = sep,
day = "18",
doi = "10.3390/ma12183025",
language = "English",
volume = "12",
journal = "Materials",
issn = "1996-1944",
publisher = "MDPI AG",
number = "18",
}
