TY - JOUR
T1 - Global burden of adverse effects of medical treatment from 1990 to 2021
T2 - a Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
AU - GBD 2021 AEMT Collaborators
AU - Jeong, Yi Deun
AU - Park, Seoyoung
AU - Jang, Wonwoo
AU - Kim, Min Seo
AU - Bhoomadevi, A.
AU - Aalipour, Mohammad Amin
AU - Ab-Dalla, Mohammed Altigani
AU - Abdoun, Meriem
AU - Abdullahi, Auwal
AU - Abdul-Rahman, Toufik
AU - Abedi, Armita
AU - Aboagye, Richard Gyan
AU - Abouzid, Mohamed
AU - Abtahi, Dariush
AU - Abubakar, Bilyaminu
AU - Abu-Gharbieh, Eman
AU - Abuhelwa, Ahmad Y.
AU - Aburuz, Salahdein
AU - Abushanab, Dina
AU - Adams, Lisa C.
AU - Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola
AU - Adegoke, Nurudeen A.
AU - Adeleke, Olumide Thomas
AU - Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi
AU - Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther
AU - Adnan, Mohd
AU - Adoma, Prince Owusu
AU - Adzrago, David
AU - Afolabi, Habeeb Abiodun
AU - Afrăsânie, Vlad Adrian
AU - Afrashteh, Fatemeh
AU - Afzal, Saira
AU - Agyemang-Duah, Williams
AU - Ahadi, Mahsa
AU - Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
AU - Ahmad, Aqeel
AU - Ahmad, Danish
AU - Ahmad, Muayyad M.
AU - Ahmad, Sajjad
AU - Ahmadi, Negar Sadat
AU - Ahmed, Ali
AU - Ahmed, Ayman
AU - Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
AU - Ahmed, Sindew Mahmud
AU - Ahmed, Syed Anees
AU - Hasan, Syed Shahzad
AU - Mohamed, Heba M.
AU - Nguyen, Cuong Tat
AU - Sathian, Brijesh
AU - Wang, Wei
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine.
PY - 2026/3/1
Y1 - 2026/3/1
N2 - Background/Aims: This study aims to evaluate the global burden of adverse effects of medical treatment (AEMT) using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. Methods: Data were extracted from the GBD 2021, covering 204 countries/territories from 1990 to 2021. AEMT was defined using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes, encompassing complications from medical procedures, treatments, or healthcare exposures. Estimates were categorized into fatal and non-fatal outcomes and stratified by age, sex, year, and covariates, including the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Mortality-incidence ratios (MIRs), defined as the ratio of mortality calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total incident cases, were analyzed. Results: In 2021, the global age-standardized 1.53 (1.29-1.68) per 100,000 population, respectively. DALY rates were highest in the early neonatal group (4,789.47 per 100,000 population [95% UI, 3,682.00-5,963.30]), while mortality rates followed a U-shaped pattern across age groups. In 2021, MIRs were highest at both ends of the age range: the early neonatal group (0.58 [95% UI, 0.55-0.58]) and the 95+ age group (0.05 [0.04-0.06]). This pattern was consistent across all SDI quintiles, with higher MIRs observed in lower SDI quintiles. Conclusions: The significantly higher prevalence and incidence rates of AEMT among the older population in high SDI quintiles, compared to lower SDI quintiles, could be attributed to the healthcare overutilization, highlighting the need for policy adjustments.
AB - Background/Aims: This study aims to evaluate the global burden of adverse effects of medical treatment (AEMT) using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. Methods: Data were extracted from the GBD 2021, covering 204 countries/territories from 1990 to 2021. AEMT was defined using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes, encompassing complications from medical procedures, treatments, or healthcare exposures. Estimates were categorized into fatal and non-fatal outcomes and stratified by age, sex, year, and covariates, including the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Mortality-incidence ratios (MIRs), defined as the ratio of mortality calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total incident cases, were analyzed. Results: In 2021, the global age-standardized 1.53 (1.29-1.68) per 100,000 population, respectively. DALY rates were highest in the early neonatal group (4,789.47 per 100,000 population [95% UI, 3,682.00-5,963.30]), while mortality rates followed a U-shaped pattern across age groups. In 2021, MIRs were highest at both ends of the age range: the early neonatal group (0.58 [95% UI, 0.55-0.58]) and the 95+ age group (0.05 [0.04-0.06]). This pattern was consistent across all SDI quintiles, with higher MIRs observed in lower SDI quintiles. Conclusions: The significantly higher prevalence and incidence rates of AEMT among the older population in high SDI quintiles, compared to lower SDI quintiles, could be attributed to the healthcare overutilization, highlighting the need for policy adjustments.
KW - Adverse effect
KW - Disability-adjusted life years
KW - Global Burden of Disease
KW - Incidence
KW - Mortality
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105033731434
U2 - 10.3904/kjim.2025.278
DO - 10.3904/kjim.2025.278
M3 - Article
C2 - 41850226
AN - SCOPUS:105033731434
SN - 1226-3303
VL - 41
SP - 350
EP - 366
JO - Korean Journal of Internal Medicine
JF - Korean Journal of Internal Medicine
IS - 2
ER -
SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being