Introducing a model for emotional distress in respiratory disease: A systematic review and synthesis of symptom management models

Aim: To undertake a theoretical systematic review to develop a conceptual model of illness-related emotional distress in the context of symptom management in chronic respiratory disease. Design: We performed a systematic search to identify conceptual models. Data sources: Electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched and papers included from inception of the search term until June 2017. Review methods: The review was conducted following Pound and Campbell's and Turner's theory synthesis. Conceptual models were appraised using Kaplan's criteria. Models were excluded if they referred to a specific condition and/or lacked clarity. Results: This synthesis, which includes five models and additional evidence, yielded a new conceptual model describing the processes of regulation and symptom self-management in chronic respiratory disease. Identified sources of illness-related emotional distress are new or increased symptoms, additional treatment, new restrictions in performance of daily life roles and increased unpredictability. People goals and self-efficacy were identified as further drivers of symptom self-management. The regulation process is embedded in contextual factors. Conclusion: Theory synthesis provided transparent guidance in developing a model to understand of the factors driving self-management decisions. Therefore, the model has the potential to guide development of interventions that support symptom self-management in chronic respiratory disease. Impact: This newly presented conceptual model of illness-related emotional distress provides an understanding of the factors that drive self-management decisions when peoples experience new or increased symptoms. Such understanding is critical for nursing practice to developing appropriate interventions, especially in support of people decision-making.