@article{e3175d500a80401cb8fb2b04108b7a77,
title = "Nanostructuring Germanium Nanowires by In Situ TEM Ion Irradiation",
abstract = "Once nanomaterials have been synthesized, inducing further structural modifications is challenging. However, being able to do so in a controlled manner is crucial. In this context, germanium nanowires are irradiated in situ within a transmission electron microscope (TEM) by a 300 keV xenon ion beam at temperatures ranging from room temperature (RT) to 500 °C. The ion irradiation is performed in situ and the evolution of nanowires during irradiation is monitored. At 300 °C and below, where the temperature is low enough to allow amorphization, the ion beam causes the formation of nanostructures within the nanowires. Formation of nanopores and swelling of nanowires is observed for a very low fluence of 2.2 × 1014 and up to 4.2 × 1015 ions cm−2. At higher fluences, the thickness of the nanowires decreases, the nanowires lose their wire-like cylindrical shape and the nanostructuring caused by the ion beam becomes more complex. The nanostructures are observed to be stable upon crystallization when the nanowires are annealed at 530 °C. Furthermore, in situ imaging allows the growth of nanopores during irradiation to be followed at RT and at 300 °C providing valuable insights into the mechanism responsible for the nanostructuring.",
keywords = "germanium, in situ transmission electron microscopy, ion beam, nanopores, nanostructuring, nanowires, radiation damage",
author = "Osmane Camara and Mir, {Anamul H.} and Krzysztof Dzieciol and Graeme Greaves and Shibabrata Basak and Hans Kungl and Matteo Bosi and Luca Seravalli and Donnelly, {Steve E.} and Eichel, {R{\"u}diger A.} and Hinks, {Jonathan A.}",
note = "Funding Information: The construction of ‐MIAMI–2 was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, United Kingdom under Grant Number EP/M028283/1. O.C., A.H.M., G.G., S.E.D., and J.A.H. are thankful to the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council for funding under Grants, EP/T012811/1, EP/M011135/1, and EP/M028283/1. M.B. and L.S. would like to acknowledge Claudio Ferrari and Sara Beretta for useful discussions and for the optimization of Ge NW growth process. The Ge NWs used in this work were developed in the framework of the NATO program “Science for Peace” (SPS G5423). This work was supported by the project “High Performance Solid‐State Batteries” (HIPSTER) from “Ministerium fur Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein‐Westfalen”. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization published by Wiley-VCH GmbH Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1002/ppsc.202100154",
language = "English",
volume = "38",
journal = "Particle and Particle Systems Characterization",
issn = "0934-0866",
publisher = "Wiley-VCH Verlag",
number = "12",
}