On the design of multifrequency dividers suitable for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS applications by using a particle swarm optimization-based technique

A particle swarm optimization-based technique is applied to design dividers that operate in two or more frequency bands at once. The geometry of the dividers is optimized under specific requirements concerning the impedance-matching bandwidth and the complex current distribution on unmatched real or complex terminal loads for each one of the resonant frequencies. The required current distribution on the loads concerns not only the ratio between the current amplitudes but also the phase difference between the currents. Several cases are studied to show the robustness of the particle swarm optimizer as well as the ability of the technique to derive optimal multifrequency structures suitable for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS applications.