Opportunities, risks and challenges integrating artificial intelligence into optometry education: A qualitative interview study

Purpose: As artificial intelligence (AI) tools become increasingly integrated into optometric practice, higher education providers must adapt to these technological advancements and integrate teaching about AI into the optometry curriculum. Before AI can be taught in the optometry curriculum, educational priorities must be established. Therefore, this research aimed to explore a range of stakeholder views on the integration of AI into optometry education.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of eyecare practitioners, students, educators, regulators, and AI technology experts. Interviews were conducted online, transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was conducted.

Results: Three themes emerged: (1) Curriculum design and delivery; (2) Facilitators and barriers to teaching; (3) AI as an educational tool. AI topics for inclusion in the optometry curriculum were explored, with “Interpreting outputs of AI tools,” “Foundational understanding,” “Ethical Considerations” and “Integrating AI into clinical workflows” most commonly identified as important to teach. Barriers to teaching were identified including lack of access to AI devices, funding and time constraints, and rapid developments in AI necessitating frequent curriculum updates. AI tools were already being used by some students as an aid to their studies. However, many participants felt that higher education providers held a negative view of AI and discouraged its use. Participants identified potential risks associated with AI usage within education including plagiarism and reduced critical thinking.

Conclusions: The multidisciplinary participants of this study expressed perspectives on a range of issues relating to the integration of AI into optometry education. This research aimed to aid optometry higher education providers as they explore integrating AI literacy into their curricula. However, further research is required to test the implementation of these recommendations in real-world settings. Additionally, although the potential benefits of AI as an educational tool are vast, the long-term cognitive costs of using these tools are not yet known and require further study.

Significance: Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to have significant impacts on optometry practice. This study provides an early exploration of the issues relating to AI in optometry education. The findings may be used to guide evidence-based curriculum developments in optometry education.