TY - JOUR
T1 - Reflections on Mirror Therapy
T2 - A Systematic Review of the Effect of Mirror Visual Feedback on the Brain
AU - Deconinck, Frederik J A
AU - Smorenburg, Ana R P
AU - Benham, Alex
AU - Ledebt, Annick
AU - Feltham, Max G
AU - Savelsbergh, Geert J P
N1 - © The Author(s) 2014.
PY - 2015/5/1
Y1 - 2015/5/1
N2 - BACKGROUND: Mirror visual feedback (MVF), a phenomenon where movement of one limb is perceived as movement of the other limb, has the capacity to alleviate phantom limb pain or promote motor recovery of the upper limbs after stroke. The tool has received great interest from health professionals; however, a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neural recovery owing to MVF is lacking.OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic review to assess the effect of MVF on brain activation during a motor task.METHODS: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases for neuroimaging studies investigating the effect of MVF on the brain. Key details for each study regarding participants, imaging methods, and results were extracted.RESULTS: The database search yielded 347 article, of which we identified 33 suitable for inclusion. Compared with a control condition, MVF increases neural activity in areas involved with allocation of attention and cognitive control (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, S1 and S2, precuneus). Apart from activation in the superior temporal gyrus and premotor cortex, there is little evidence that MVF activates the mirror neuron system. MVF increases the excitability of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) that projects to the "untrained" hand/arm. There is also evidence for ipsilateral projections from the contralateral M1 to the untrained/affected hand as a consequence of training with MVF.CONCLUSION: MVF can exert a strong influence on the motor network, mainly through increased cognitive penetration in action control, though the variance in methodology and the lack of studies that shed light on the functional connectivity between areas still limit insight into the actual underlying mechanisms.
AB - BACKGROUND: Mirror visual feedback (MVF), a phenomenon where movement of one limb is perceived as movement of the other limb, has the capacity to alleviate phantom limb pain or promote motor recovery of the upper limbs after stroke. The tool has received great interest from health professionals; however, a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neural recovery owing to MVF is lacking.OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic review to assess the effect of MVF on brain activation during a motor task.METHODS: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases for neuroimaging studies investigating the effect of MVF on the brain. Key details for each study regarding participants, imaging methods, and results were extracted.RESULTS: The database search yielded 347 article, of which we identified 33 suitable for inclusion. Compared with a control condition, MVF increases neural activity in areas involved with allocation of attention and cognitive control (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, S1 and S2, precuneus). Apart from activation in the superior temporal gyrus and premotor cortex, there is little evidence that MVF activates the mirror neuron system. MVF increases the excitability of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) that projects to the "untrained" hand/arm. There is also evidence for ipsilateral projections from the contralateral M1 to the untrained/affected hand as a consequence of training with MVF.CONCLUSION: MVF can exert a strong influence on the motor network, mainly through increased cognitive penetration in action control, though the variance in methodology and the lack of studies that shed light on the functional connectivity between areas still limit insight into the actual underlying mechanisms.
KW - Brain/physiopathology
KW - Feedback, Sensory/physiology
KW - Humans
KW - Mirror Neurons/physiology
KW - Neuronal Plasticity
KW - Physical Therapy Modalities
KW - Stroke/physiopathology
KW - Stroke Rehabilitation
KW - Systematic review
KW - Sensorimotor control
KW - Visual feedback
KW - Mirror
KW - Hemiparesis
KW - Stroke
KW - Cerebral palsy
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925767267&doi=10.1177%2f1545968314546134&partnerID=40&md5=bc05f675eb49a7327b5ce86198422483
U2 - 10.1177/1545968314546134
DO - 10.1177/1545968314546134
M3 - Review article
C2 - 25160567
VL - 29
SP - 349
EP - 361
JO - Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
JF - Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
SN - 1545-9683
IS - 4
ER -