Reflexivity in practice: integrating participatory action research and behavioral science in youth substance use prevention

Background: This study integrated behavioral science and participatory action research to co-design an illicit substance use prevention campaign with young people in Kirklees, United Kingdom. The project sought to explore how these approaches could be combined to create health communication that is both evidence-informed and grounded in young peoples lived experiences. Methods: Ten co-creation workshops were conducted at two secondary schools, as well as supplementary sessions with parents and stakeholders. Workshops explored motivations for drug use, communication styles, messages, and ideas, with behavioral science informing the design and alignment with principles of behavior change. Results: The project resulted in a co-designed campaign called Talk It Out–What’s Really Going On? which aims to get young people to focus on the issues underlying substance use such as stress and mental health. The campaign was positively received by pupils and provides a useful case study for this type of integrative work. Conclusion: The process revealed the potential for behavioral frameworks to enhance participatory design when applied reflexively, as well as the ongoing challenges of navigating power dynamics, practical constraints, and evidence-based expectations. The study contributes to debates on integrating behavioral and participatory approaches in developing inclusive, contextually relevant public health interventions.