Review of system modeling and calibration technologies for specular/diffuse composite surface metrology

Geometric optics based optical phase measuring techniques, most prominently fringe projection profilometry (FPP) and phase measuring deflectometry (PMD), have been widely researched for three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement of both diffuse and specular surfaces owing to their advantages of non-contact, speed, and accuracy. FPP is well suited for the measurement of diffuse surfaces, while PMD excels in the measurement of specular surfaces. Various system models and calibration methods for the measurement of composite surfaces have been detailed in literature; however, a comparative overview of the strengths and weaknesses of viable measurement models, calibration methods and application scenarios are lacking. In this work, a review of the advancements in composite surface measurement is presented. Firstly, the fundamental principles of different models are reviewed and categorized, with a comparative analysis of their advantages, limitations, and future development directions. Then, existing calibration techniques are systematically summarized and classified according to their logical relationships, identifying their strengths, weaknesses, and remaining challenges to guide future research. Furthermore, accuracy verification and error compensation strategies for composite surface measurement systems are comprehensively summarized, revealing current research gaps. Finally, future development trends and potential research directions in composite surface measurement and calibration are discussed to address practical challenges such as in-situ measurement in industrial manufacturing, and to provide valuable insights for subsequent studies.