Social Exclusion, Youth Transitions and Criminal Careers: Five Critical Reflections on ‘Risk’

This chapter draws upon recent youth research in some of Britain’s poorest neighbourhoods (in Teesside, north-east England). It stresses the importance of a qualitative, biographical and long-term perspective in attempting to understand drug-using and criminal careers (and wider youth transitions) and points to some difficulties in applying – straightforwardly – influential models of risk assessment and prediction to individual biographies. In a context of deep, collective disadvantage, most research participants shared many of the risk factors associated with social exclusion in early adulthood. Yet the majority did not pursue fullblown criminal or drug-using careers and the research struggled to identify background factors that seemed to play a causal role in separating out more ‘delinquent’ transitions from more ‘conventional’ ones. Youth biographies were marked by flux; they did not roll on deterministically to foregone conclusions. Unpredictable ‘critical moments’ turned transitions in unpredictable directions; sometimes towards crime, sometimes away. This chapter concludes that there is danger in criminal career research – as in studies of youth transition – in prioritising individual-level explanations at the expense of an assessment of the ‘risks’ presented by socio-spatial and historical context.